Kim Jong-un has invited Kremlin chief Vladimir Putin to visit North Korea during a rare summit, stoking United States concerns a revived Moscow-Pyongyang axis could bolster Russia's military in Ukraine and provide Kim with sensitive missile technology.
Putin accepted the invitation, according to North Korean state news agency KCNA, although there was no immediate confirmation from the Kremlin.
Since Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Putin has rarely travelled abroad.
Calling each other "comrades", Putin and Kim toasted their friendship on Wednesday with Russian wine after the 70-year-old Russian president showed Kim, 39, around Russia's most modern space launch facility and they held talks alongside their defence ministers.
"At the end of the reception, Kim Jong-un courteously invited Putin to visit the DPRK at a convenient time," KCNA said, referring to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, North Korea's formal name.
"Putin accepted the invitation with pleasure and reaffirmed his will to invariably carry forward the history and tradition of the Russia-DPRK friendship," KCNA said.
For the US and allies, the burgeoning friendship between Kim and Putin is a concern.
Washington has accused North Korea of providing arms to Russia, but it is unclear whether any deliveries have been made.
Both Russia and North Korea have denied those claims, but promised to deepen defence co-operation, and during a visit to North Korea in July, Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu was shown banned ballistic missiles by Kim.
Kim is due on Thursday to visit military and civilian aviation factories in the Russian city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur and to inspect Russia's Pacific fleet in Vladivostok, Putin said.
Over a sumptuous lunch of Russian "pelmeni" dumplings made with Kamchatka crab, white Amur fish soup and sturgeon, Kim on Wednesday toasted Putin's health, the victory of "great Russia" and Korean-Russian friendship, predicting victory for Moscow in its "sacred fight" with the West.
North Korea was founded in September 1948 with the backing of the Soviet Union, and Moscow supported it for decades during the Cold War, although support dropped off after the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union.
After taking over from Boris Yeltsin in 1999, Putin visited Pyongyang in July 2000 for a meeting with Kim Jong Il, the father of Kim Jong-un.
At the summit on Wednesday, it was unclear just how far Putin was prepared to go in fulfilling North Korean wish lists for technology.
Amid the grinding artillery battles in Ukraine, Russia has ramped up its shell production but a North Korean supply line could be useful.
North Korea is believed to have a large stockpile of artillery shells and rockets compatible with Soviet-era weapons, as well as a history of producing such ammunition.
Asked whether Russia could simply remove sanctions on North Korea, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said Russia remained a responsible member of the United Nations Security Council but would develop its relations with North Korea in accordance with its own interests.
The US State Department said the Biden administration "won't hesitate" to impose additional sanctions on Russia and North Korea if they conclude any new arms deals.
South Korea's unification minister, Kim Young-ho, who is in charge of relations with the North, expressed "deep concerns" over military co-operation and possible arms transactions between Pyongyang and Moscow.
