Pope Leo has forcefully condemned what he called the exploitation of the Amazon jungle and urged Catholics to oppose "with perseverance" the deforestation and pollution caused by gold and oil production in the world's largest rainforest.
The Pope, meeting with Indigenous people in the Peruvian Amazon as part of a South America tour, also lamented a spate of killings of tribal leaders protesting deforestation, calling them murders that must be solved.
"Many Indigenous leaders have been murdered for defending their territories," Leo said on Sunday in the Peruvian city of Pucallpa, an eastern gateway to the Amazon about 200km west of the Brazilian border.
"The blood of these brothers cries out to God and demands justice!" he said.
Leo is known for choosing his words carefully but he has emerged as a more forceful voice on the world stage in recent months, decrying the direction of global leadership.
He drew the ire of US President Donald Trump for denouncing the Iran war.
Leo, who is American but spent about 20 years as a missionary and bishop in Peru and is also a Peruvian citizen, is making an emotional return to his adopted home.
His visit comes as Peru's Indigenous communities face mounting pressure from illegal logging, gold mining, coca cultivation and agricultural expansion.
Communities that resist drug trafficking and illicit commercial activity have seen rising violence. Thirty-five Indigenous leaders have been killed in Peru over the past 15 years.
Leo warned that "patterns of exploitation and economic activity ... threaten the balance of creation".
"You know well the damage caused by indiscriminate deforestation and the pollution of rivers and other waters through illegal mining and oil spills," the Pope told the Indigenous leaders.
"These are not isolated accidents, but the consequences of the irresponsible exploitation of natural resources, which undermines the very existence of communities," he said.
Deforestation has steadily shrunk the Peruvian Amazon, with the country losing about 200,000 hectares of natural forest in 2025 alone, Global Nature Watch data showed.
Leo reproached an economic model that he said "tends to exploit nature and cultures for the sake of immediate economic gain for the benefit of a few".
"We must oppose this model with perseverance and broad vision," he said.
The trip has drawn the largest crowds of his papacy, some 12 million people across a 12-day, three-nation tour.
As Leo took to an open-air popemobile shortly after his arrival in Cusco, enthusiastic crowds estimated at 500,000 lined his route in the rain, pressing against police barriers and holding personal signs for the pope to see.
Leo started his travels on Sunday from Chiclayo, where he was bishop from 2015 to 2023, and will end the day in Lima, before leaving for Rome on Monday.
Leo's visit to high-altitude Cusco a month after undergoing lung cancer surgery has drawn some attention, as travellers visiting the city can experience altitude sickness.
