The world is not on target to curb global warming and more action is needed on all fronts, the United Nations has warned, in the run-up to crucial international talks aimed at tackling climate change.
The Global Stocktake report, the latest warning from the UN about environmental perils, will form the basis of the COP28 talks in Dubai at the end of the year and follows months of wildfires and soaring temperatures.
The report, culminating a two-year evaluation of the 2015 Paris climate agreement goals, distils thousands of submissions from experts, governments and campaigners and will lay the groundwork for the global stock-take discussion at COP28.
"The Paris Agreement has driven near-universal climate action by setting goals and sending signals to the world regarding the urgency of responding to the climate crisis," it said.
"While action is proceeding, much more is needed now on all fronts."
Nearly 200 countries agreed in 2015 in Paris to limit warming to no more than 2C above pre-industrial levels, and to strive to keep the increase to 1.5C.
While each country is responsible for deciding its own climate actions, they also agreed to submit to a progress report by 2023 to see what more should be done.
The UN said countries' existing pledges to cut emissions were insufficient to keep temperatures within the 1.5C threshold.
More than 20 gigatonnes of further CO2 reductions were needed this decade - and global net zero by 2050 - in order to meet the goals, the UN assessment said.
In Friday some of the world's most climate vulnerable countries said the report should spur action from global leaders.
"With leaders gathering this month for the United Nations Secretary General’s Climate Ambition Summit ahead of COP28, the findings and recommendations of this report need to be a wake-up call and a trigger for cogent commitments," Pa'olelei Luteru, chair of the Association of Small Island States, said.
The report urged countries to cut the use of "unabated" coal power by 67-92 per cent by 2030 versus 2019 levels and to virtually eliminate it as a source of electricity by 2050.
Low and zero-carbon electricity should account for as much as 99 per cent of the global total by mid-century, while technological challenges holding back carbon dioxide capture must be resolved.
The report also called for funding to be unlocked to support low-carbon development, noting that billions of dollars were still being invested in fossil fuels.
"It serves up a bold to-do list for governments to limit warming to 1.5C and protect people everywhere from climate devastation," said Tom Evans, policy adviser on climate diplomacy at UK climate think tank E3G.
Commitment is needed to phase out fossil fuels, set 2030 targets for renewable energy expansion, ensure the financial system funds climate action and raise funds for adaptation and damage, he said.
"Anything less will fall short on the necessary steps laid out in this report."
Sultan Al Jaber, who will preside over the November 30-December 12 summit in the United Arab Emirates, told Reuters the stock take gave good direction and urged states and private sector leaders to come to COP28 with real commitments.
Also on Friday, UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres told G20 bloc leaders that they have the power to reset a climate crisis that is "spinning out of control".
A Brazilian climate official told Reuters: "What we need is an unprecedented mobilisation both in terms of scale and speed of all of humanity’s financial, technology and capacity building resources to be channelled towards sustainable development."
