World leaders are joining Auschwitz survivors to mark the 80th anniversary of the liberation of the Nazi German death camp by Soviet troops, one of the last such gatherings of those who experienced its horrors.
The anniversary at the site of the camp, which Nazi Germany set up in occupied Poland during World War II, was being attended by German Chancellor Olaf Scholz, Britain's King Charles, French President Emmanuel Macron, Polish President Andrzej Duda and a host of other leaders.
They were not due to make speeches, but rather to listen for perhaps the last time to those who suffered and witnessed at first hand one of humanity's greatest atrocities.
Israel, the country founded for Jews in the shadow of the Holocaust, sent Education Minister Yoav Kisch.
A source at Buckingham Palace said King Charles would be paying tribute "both as man and monarch".
"As anyone who has visited the camp can avow, it has a profound impact on the soul, bringing home both the scale of the horrors and the lessons that must be learned for eternity," they said.
President Duda told reporters at the camp that "we Poles, on whose land the Germans built this concentration camp, are today the guardians of memory".
Remembrance of crimes committed in the name of Nazi notions of racial superiority has become an acutely political issue in recent years with the rise of far-right parties across Europe.
On Saturday, billionaire Elon Musk, high-profile adviser to US President Donald Trump, made a video address to supporters of Germany's AfD (Alternative fuer Deutschland), which is running second in polls for the February 23 election on a platform that includes playing down historical guilt for the Holocaust.
"Children should not be guilty of the sins of their parents, let alone their great grandparents," said Musk, who himself laid a wreath at Auschwitz a year ago.
The rally prompted Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk to say that "the words we heard from the main actors of the AfD rally about 'Great Germany' and 'the need to forget German guilt for Nazi crimes' sounded all too familiar and ominous".
Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum and Memorial spokesperson Pawel Sawicki said politicians would not make speeches on Monday but would listen to the voices of survivors.
"It is clear to all of us that this is the last milestone anniversary where we can have a group of survivors that will be visible who can be present at the site," he said.
"In 10 years, it will not happen, and for as long as we can we should listen to the voices of survivors, their testimonies, their personal stories.
"It is something that is of enormous significance when we talk about how the memory of Auschwitz is shaped."
The main commemoration was due to begin at 4pm (1500 GMT) in a tent built over the gate to the former Auschwitz II-Birkenau camp, behind a freight train car placed in front of the gate.
More than 1.1 million people, mostly Jews, perished in gas chambers or from starvation, cold and disease at Auschwitz, where most had been brought in freight wagons, packed like livestock.
More than three million of Poland's 3.2 million Jews were murdered by the Nazis, accounting for about half of the Jews killed in the Holocaust.
Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe, along with gypsies, sexual minorities, the disabled and others who offended Nazi ideas of racial superiority.
Hungarian Agnes Darvas, now 92, told Reuters in Budapest last week that the world had still not learned the lessons of the Holocaust.
"People believe that if they commemorate, then these things will not happen," she said.
"Well, this happens every day, perhaps not with Jews but some other ethnicities ... there has never been so much cruelty in the world."
